domingo, 23 de abril de 2017

Breathtaking Asthma Rates

Asthma rates have been rising over the past couple of decades in the developed world. There is a leading theory that explains this phenomenon: the hygiene hypothesis. It suggests that living conditions in developed countries are a little too clean, and children aren´t being exposed to microbes that stimulate the maturation of their immune systems. Hence, this lack of this immune system training leads to less knowledge about what's harmful and what's not. When in contact with harmless particles – such as dust or pollen – the body overreacts and treats them as deadly threats.

This theory is supported by studies that show that farmers who are in contact with crops on a daily basis develop fewer allergic diseases. To add to this, farm animals increase exposure to germs and endotoxins, which stimulate immune response.

Although the hygiene hypothesis does a good job explaining the protective effect of the exposure to microbes in the prevention of allergies, it fails to explain what's happening with asthma. Several studies show that respiratory infections in early childhood may actually be a risk factor for asthma, instead of preventing it. Contrary to what was expected, asthma rates skyrocketed in areas that were not particularly “clean”.

In order to prevent and treat it properly, it is crucial to fully understand the causes and cellular mechanisms of asthma. It is known that there is an inflamation of the airway that leads to a bronchoconstriction that difficults breathing. The subjacent causes of it, though, are still unclear, as there is, in some cases of asthma, an allergic component, but not in all of them.

Currently, there is the belief that the factors proposed by the hygiene hypothesis protect people from developing allergic asthma, but also are causing them to develop nonallergic asthma. Thus, the overall increase of asthma rates is at the expense of the nonallergic type.

In developed countries, it is certain that several diseases are being prevented by the enhancement of hygiene, and throughout the years there are less and less cases of severe respiratory infections, as well as infections in general. However, modernization can increase inflamation, as kids and overall population have a sedentary lifestyle that promotes it. Obesity boosts inflamation all over the body, the lack of exercise affects lung strength, which prompts respiratoty infections, and smoking and air polutants irritate the airway.

There are others viewpoints on this topic: some researchers say microbiota is the one to blame. When compared to healthy subjects, asmathics possessed higher bacterial amounts and diversity in the lower airways. This microbiome composition in asmathics was highly correlated with the degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, which could indicate that these bacteria potentiate allergic responses. In addition, it was shown that they could also impact host response to viral infections that are asthmagenic.

What do you think about this topic? What comes to your mind?
Do you think we live in a over-hygienic world?
Do we need more exposure to the outside world?
What do you think about the widespread assumption that children should be exposed to as many allergens as possible in order to prevent asthma?


Here are the articles I used:

Rising Prevalence of Asthma

Respiratory Infections and Asthma

Microbiota in Allergy an Asthma

The Hygiene Hypothesis

Tiago Reis

lunes, 17 de abril de 2017

Beauty slaves?: The unstoppable rising of Plastic Surgery



“I've recently have had my hairline done, it was something I've always felt insecure about”, Manny Gutierrez, 26 years old.
“I have temporary lip fillers, it's just an insecurity of mine and it's what I wanted to do”, Kylie Jenner, 19 years old.

The amount of names related with plastic surgery procedures seem to be endless: from the young Bella Hadid, Nicki Minaj, Ray Liotta to the unforgettable Michael Jackson. But we don't necessarily have to move to Hollywood's greatest superstars to see a body changed by a surgeon.

Time goes by and now plastic surgery is becoming an extremely popular practice amongst our whole society not only the famous ones. The most demanded surgeries are: hair transplants (men), nose jobs (women), breast and gluteus implants as well as liposuctions or skin rejuvenating.

An increasingly number of people uses some type of procedure to look better, some of them just change their smile by using braces, other go further passing by the theatre room. The most surprising fact: statistics. The most required surgeries change while fashion does it, in the last two years gluteus implants have increased 20-30% in the USA, as well as the popularity of clan Kardashian-Jenner and their exuberant bodies. Amongst men biceps, triceps or abdominal implants are increasing year by year, maybe due to the spectacular masculine bodies we are getting used to see in every film.

But it looks like people is not as concerned with this type of procedure as they are in other surgeries. The risks of something going wrong are as high as in in any other surgery nevertheless people don't seem to take the same caution they take when we talk about a cardiac surgery, there are so many cases of medical negligence, unqualified doctors and unconditioned theatre rooms which can cause from several health problems to death.

This is quite an interesting topic for me and what annoys me the most is that the majority of people says that they don't agree with any of these practices, but that is not what reality reflects, so I would like to know your opinion as well:

Do you think is getting is getting plastic surgery too normalized? Is people aware of its risks?
Do you agree with the most demanded procedures or did you think in another ones?
Do you think people do it due to improve inner self-esteem or to “impress” others?
Nowadays social media have a brutal impact in our society, do you think it has an influence in order to want to look better?
Do you think this will go further or will we accept ourselves naturally in the future?

This are the main articles, check them below:
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/apr/24/cosmetic-surgery-crackdown-needed-nhs

You can click down here for further information:

Moreover, if you are interested in this topic, I've selected some videos. Two of them are an analysis of beauty inside the two most beauty-demanding countries, and the other, a case of extreme beauty addiction. Go check them if you want:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR65OTBteYU

domingo, 9 de abril de 2017

To stress or not to stress, that is the question



7 am: BEEP BEEP BEEP BEEP!! Your alarm clock goes off! Ugh! It’s painfully early, but you’re too numb to fight it. You try to cover your ears with your pillow and block that obnoxious loud sound, but it won’t go away no matter what you do. Finally you just face it: you have to get out of your cozy nest and start your day.
7:30 am: You’ve just had a hot shower and you are giving it your best to stay awake. The hot water against your skin does wonders, but it can’t take away your tiredness; it helps palliating your lack of energy, though. You wish you could just take a cold shower instead, but the thought of it sends shivers down your spine.
7:45 am: Yummy! You used to love having a nice breakfast, but now it is almost like a task. You start your coffee machine and wait until it is ready. If only the smell of freshly brewed coffee could wake you up faster! Coffee is just a blessing in disguise: you can’t live without it and if you try you’ll fail miserably or feel a huge hangover. You just go through with it in what seems to be a robotic motion: milk, coffee, cereal, a cup of water and that’s it.
7:46 am: And… you’re late again. You have to start running if you want to get to class on time. You know you actually tried to be ready on time, but it looks as if each day it gets harder to get out of bed. You drag your feet and try to run, but you’re not very fast. You know you won’t get there on time anyway, but you still try it.
8 am: You start your classes. In the first period you’re still awake and fresh as lettuce and you take your notes frantically. During the second period you’re probably feeling overwhelmed already: how much physiology and different yet so similar diseases can you learn in an hour? Well, as a matter of fact you can learn almost 50 pages in an hour during a lecture, so you try not to worry about it… yet.
10 am: Off you go to your clinical placement! You know you’re going to be dead tired after this, but you also know that it is very fulfilling and that you learn something new almost every second. So you prepare your note book and you scrabble in your lab coat looking for a pen that actually works. You listen to the doctor that’s teaching you, you go on and listen to the patient’s complaints and in your head you start thinking about the differential diagnosis and you try to guess what’s wrong at the top of a hat. One of the best feelings in the world is when you’re right; you feel as if all your hard work actually pays off and that you really are learning and becoming a doctor step by step. You feel on top of the world for a brief moment.
10:05 am: Reality check: you really are becoming a doctor! OMG you only have two more years to decide what to do with (almost) your whole adult life. You start second guessing everything again: “What if I’m not ready? What if I don’t know what to do?”. You breathe through it and you think about everything you’ve accomplished so far: you should be so incredibly proud of yourself! Actions speak louder than words and you have to stay focused, so you know you have to keep up with the doctor and not think about this right now.
2 pm: You’ve just finished your clinical placement. You have about 30 minutes to eat lunch if you’re lucky enough. Then you have 20 minutes to relax, 10 for your second coffee of the day and you have to go to class again.
3-7 pm: From 3 to 7 pm life is just a big blur. You try to stay focused in class yet you feel a bit under the weather. You know you’re not listening when someone asks you “A penny for your thoughts?” and you can’t answer. Perhaps you were thinking about something you’ve just learnt or perhaps you were not thinking at all. You know you have to keep your sleepiness at bay, even if it is easier said than done. Studying medicine is not a piece of cake and if you’re juggling clinical placement and classes it gets even harder. The bottom line is that everything is possible if you put your mind to it.
8 pm: You’re home! Your bed is calling you incessantly, but you know you have to go to the gym to clear your mind. You put on your yoga pants and your snickers and you find the bit of energy that’s left and leave your house running. You feel the breeze in your face as you’re running towards the gym and you feel alive and happy. You feel the blood going through your veins and your heart bit - lub-dub-lub-dub-lub-dub - and that’s somehow relaxing.
9:30 pm: You’re home again! You have to cook dinner, wash the dishes, do the laundry and all that comes with living by yourself.
10:30 pm: You burn the midnight oil so that you do all the work that’s required for your studies. You have group work, individual work, homework, numerous deadlines to meet and on top of that you try to have a social life. All of that from 10.30 up until midnight, because you know you have to wake up again at 7 am tomorrow and you can’t risk missing some precious minutes of sleep.

                This is obviously a satire on what would be our worst day ever. In fact, not all days are the same and not all days are as busy as the one described above. This goes without saying that everyday has some level of stress in it and that stress, anxiety and depression go hand in hand amongst medical students. It is not that far-fetched to assume that all of us have experienced this kind of stress and that some may have felt anxious before a particular situation, for example before an exam or an oral presentation or even shown some signs of depression.
                Stress itself is not harmful; in fact it is just the way our body responds to any kind of demand and it can be caused either by a good or a bad experience. Stress can be physical (if you experience fear or have to run from a dangerous situation) or emotional (if you’re worrying over your job or your family problems, for example). Along these lines, our body responds accordingly, affecting both our body and our mind. When we think about stress in regards to medical students, we think about the emotional consequences of being under large amounts of stress: we tend to feel tired, sick and unable to think clearly, which is crucial while we’re studying. It can also manifest itself through frequent headaches, dizziness and panic attacks.
                Anxiety can alter the way you feel and behave and even manifest real physical symptoms. It usually is a state of fear or worry when you’re confronted with something challenging, which can be a test, as examination or an interview, for instance. Anxiety is a part of our lives and is only considered a problem when it interferes with our ability to function or sleep. It is a feeling of utter hopelessness that can greatly interfere with our daily lives.
                The reason why I’ve chosen this article in particular is because I’ve always been very curious about how other medical students deal with their daily levels of stress. Each and every one of us has different coping mechanisms, and it would be interesting to know which are the strategies that work best for you and what could be implemented in our lives in order to make them a bit less stressful or more stress free and therefore prevent anxiety and depression.

                So, could you give me a hand answering some of these questions?
                . What strategies do you use to decrease your stress levels? Do you go to the gym, to the cinema, go out with your friends…?
                . Do you smoke? – If you read through the article you’ll find a relationship between stress and smoking. Do you agree that it is a vicious cycle?
. Do you have trouble sleeping or insomnia? If so, so you think that it may be due to your levels of stress?
. In this study it is said that students in year 4 had the highest level of depression, anxiety, and stress. Can you think of any reasons why this may happen?
. Why do you think the baseline levels of stress are so high amongst medical students?
. “The students perceive the course burden and hectic schedule as the most important reasons underlying their high DASS-21 scores.” Would you say our schedules might be considered hectic? Are you able to follow a study schedule in your everyday life?

You can read the full article here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4509544/
And you can also add some of your own ideas if you want to.

Marta Silva

               

viernes, 7 de abril de 2017

Nightmares as predictors of suicide: an extension study including war veterans



Nowadays, in our community, many people has problems for sleep or worryes relative with it. In fact, a lot of our patients take any drug or any kind of medicine like valerian, tilleul tea… trying to fall sleep. Bit by bit, research had been demonstrated that sleep and have a restorative sleep is very important for a healthy lifestyle, and with the collaboration of the media(TV programmes, radio…), our society has more awareness of it.

Therefore, it is logical think that a distress in this restorative sleep could be counter-productive for health and may result in a deterioration on it. In some cases, this is so detrimental for the patients even as for constitute an independent risk factor for suicide, so it shows the article which I have selected. In the study, they have observed that people who has nightmares has a larger risk for suicide than other people.

It is strange think that something so normal and “simple” like sleep could result so important in our lives and in our health, and something, like nightmares, which everyone has a few of them occasionally, are so harmful. As I already said, nowadays many patients has problems for sleep but, we understand them as they merit or maybe we underestimate their concern?

I propose you few questions:

Do you think that society is aware about the important of sleep? And in our degree?
Did you think that nightmares could have a detrimental effect?
And what about of the results in war veterans? Are you surprised? Are the results representative or maybe there is a bias in the study?

Finally, apologize for the delay, I have been busy this week with the exams. Please, be specific in your comments for ease a milieu of discussion.

You can check the link of the article below:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5353666/

lunes, 27 de marzo de 2017

Possible non-sexual modes of transmission of human papilloma virus



I have chosen that article because as far as I am concerned, non-sexual modes of transmission of human papilloma virus is a topic quite unknown. We all believe that the only way of being infected is by sexual via, even though it is not the only way. For this reason I would like to make emphasis in this current issue.

About that easy I am going to make awareness in different points. 

Could it be possible to reduce vertical transmission of HPV by detecting infected pregnant women earlier in the pregnancy process? 
And would it change the prevalence of infected infants if it’s delivered a caesarean birth instead of a natural one? Will it increase or decrease the number of infected newborns?

Which more prevention measures could be taken to reduce the number of infected children?
Do you think it could be interesting to vaccinate of HPV the newborns if they are infected or even if they aren’t infected?

Are the infected children (girls and boys) going to develop a cervix cancer or a penis cancer respectively?

What do you think about avoiding breast milk nutrition if the maternal progenitor is infected? Could it have any side effects, the fact of not breast-feed, making children more immunosuppressed and more susceptible of developing cancer?

Here there is the link where you can check some information about the article:


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28165175

Full text: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jog.13248/full


Noemí

lunes, 20 de marzo de 2017

Benzodiazepines, use and abuse. Risk Factors.

Most of the people that live in a developed country knows somebody who takes benzodiazepines to treat his anxiety, sleeplessness, ...etc. It is a treatment so approved that almost all the patients and doctors think is totally harmless. Nevertheless, its abuse could cause dependence and in case you try to cancel it inadequately, withdrawal symptoms. 

These withdrawal symptoms are different if the dose is disrupted quickly or gradually. The correct way of this disruption must be gradual, without urgency, but even in this way appears some secondary effects, very different between a patient and another. Which are these symptoms? There are countless, as panic attack, midriasis, nightmares, insomnia, xerostomy, flushing sensation, headache, nausea and vomit...and much more. And what are the effects if you cancel the treatment quickly? There is some chance of delirium tremens, psicosis, mania, confusion, attempted suicide, even coma. 

However, if you take benzodiazepines that do not mean you are going to have some of these symptoms. The dependence to the benzodiazepines appears when you are taking them during more of around four weeks. 

Knowing this, the best way to prevent all of these problems is to choose very cautiously the patient who will use these drugs. The selected patient should be a person who benefits with the treatment and the use of the pills will be a short time. The article I share is about the main risk factors which resolve who has more possibilities of use benzodiazepines during a long period of time. Their conclusions are that being woman, smoker and/or user of other two prescriptions of similar drugs like benzodiazepine increase of a sustained benzodiazepine use.

Once to this point, I ask;

Are you agree with these risk factors? Why do you think that?

Do you think that there is a abuse in the consumption of these drugs?

Do you relate its use with our present life style?

Click here to check the article:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2739598/




lunes, 13 de marzo de 2017

Caregivers as role models for children.

Childhood overweight (or obesity) is one of the current medicine’s main concerns. Statistics show that in the european union 1 in 3 11 years- olds is overweight or obese; and the prevalence is increasing year on year.




This figures are alarming because childhood obesity is not only associated with underachievement in school and lower self-esteem: more than the 60% of overweight children will be overweight when they’ll become adults. This implies a higher risk of suffering chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, orthopaedic problems, etc.) than normal-weight children.


Knowing this, lots of sanitary measures have been taken mainly targeted to improve health habits among children; for example:


(click on the image below to be up to date on european health campaigns)


Nevertheless, despite all these campaigns and measures, childhood obesity rate hasn’t shown a considerable improvement yet.


The situation is very similar in the US. Due to this fact, some researches in North Carolina have thought about changing the target of health campaigns. It has been demonstrated that children imitate their caregivers’ health habits, for this reason, seems convenient to try to improve health habits among caregivers in order to improve indirectly children’s ones.


(click on the image to get redirected to the full-text article)


In this study, 150 caregivers have been randomly divided in 2 groups of 75 people: control group and treatment group.
On the one hand, people of the treatment group had to change habits in three different areas: their own life, their home and their business (in order to avoid incorrect health habits derived of the lack of financial stability). The mission of those measures was to create a healthy environment which promotes infant health.




On the other hand, control group only had to improve in their business.


Obviously, the results on children’s health were totally different between both groups because  “treatment group” caregivers improve their policies and practices related to healthy eating and physical activity while “control group” caregivers didn’t do it.

Questions
  • What do you think are the main causes of childhood obesity?
  • What would you do in order to reduce childhood obesity rate?
  • Do you think it would be effective to introduce the KEYS intervention against childhood obesity in the EU?


Silvia